除险安居 保家护院 “责任落实年”启动首轮督查
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|---|---|
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| ?? | ?? ?? (CUP) = 100?? ? ?? ?? ?? (CUC) = 25 CUP |
?? ?? | ?? |
?? ?? | ??? ????[1] |
| ?? | |
| GDP |  $100? 2300? (2018?)[2] $1370? (2017?)[3] |
| ?? ?? ??: CIA World Fact Book (?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ??) | |
??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????. 1991? ??? ??? ?, ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????. 2010?? ??, ? ? ????? ?? ?? ??? 2019? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????.[4][5] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? 2019? ??? ????? ?? ?????.[6][7] 2000? ?? ???? ??? 76%, ???? ??(?? ????? ??)? 23%? 1981?? 91% ? 8% ??? ????.[8] ??? ???? ??? ??? ????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????. 2019?, ??? ?? ?? ?? 0.783?? 189?? ? 70?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???.[9] 2012? ????, ??? ?? ??? GDP? 35.3%, ?????(CDP)? 5.5%, GDP ??? 3%??.[10] ???? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? ??, ?? ??, ??? ?? ???? ???.[11]
1953?~1959? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?????, ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ???. ?? ?????? ???, ????? ????, ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????. ???, ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???.[12] PBS? ?? "?? ????? 1959? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????."[13] 1970?? 1985? ???, ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??????? ???, "??? (?? ??? ??) ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ? ???." ??? "??? 1970?? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ?? ???" 1985? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????.[14]
???? ??? ??? M. ?????? ?? "?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??"?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????.[15] ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? 1960??? 1990??? ? 650? ??(????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? 3?? ??)? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? 21? 7?? ????.[16] ?? ??? ?? ?? GDP? 10%?? 40% ????.[17] ?? ?????? 1959?? 1960?? ?? "????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??"?? ?????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? 1990? ??? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???.[18] ??? ?? ??, ??? GDP? 1990??? 1993? ??? 33% ?????, ?? ????? ??? ??? ???[19] 1990?? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???. ??? 2000?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? GDP? 12%? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[20] ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[21]
??
[??]??? ??
[??]2011? ????, ??? 96%? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ?? ????? ??, ??, ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ??? ???.[22]
2012? 8? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???????, ?? ??? ???? ??.[23]
2007?? ??? 168? 9?? kWh? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? 139? 3?? kWh? ????.[24] 1998? ??? ??? ??? ??? 89.52%? ?? ???? 0.65%? ?? ???? 9.83%? ?? ????.[24] 2007?? 2008? ??? ??, ??? 62,100 bbl/d? ??? ???? 176,000 bbl/d? ??? ???? 104,800 bl/d ??? 197,300,000 bbl? ?? ???? ????.[24] ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????.
2017?, ??? ???? ??? m3? ?? 707? 9?? m3? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????.[24]
??? ??
[??]??? ??? 2006? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????. ??, ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??. ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ???, ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? 2004? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??? 6000?, ??? ??? 416?, ?? ??? 893?, ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 940??, ??? 133??, ?? ??? 550??, ?? ?? 340??, ?? ??? 204??, ??? ??? 100?? ?? ????. ?? ?? ???? 2009??? 90%? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????.
??
[??]??? ????, ??, ??, ??, ?, ??, ?, ??? ????.[24] As of 2015, Cuba imported about 70–80% of its food.[25] 2015? ????, ??? ?? ??? 70~80%? ???? ???, ?? ??? 80~84%? ???? ???? ??.[26] ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????.[26]
??
[??]
????? ????? ?? GDP? ?? 37%? 69? ??? ???? 1996? ??? 24%? 2,671,000?? ????.[27] 2009? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????.
2003? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ???.[28] ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??. ?? ??, ?????-P?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????.[29] ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???.[30]
V. ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???.[31][32]
???
[??]???
[??]
1990?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ??. ?? ???? 1999?? ? 160? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ? 19? ????. 2000??, 1,773,986?? ??? ????? ??? ????. ?? ??? 17? ??? ???.[33] 2012??? ? 3?? ?? ????? ?? ?? 20? ???? ????.[34]
??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ????. ??? 2?? ??? ???[35] ?? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????. ??? ??? 1990?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????, ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??. ?? ????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ? ???. ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ???.[36]
??
[??]???? ??? ?? ??? ??. 2012? 9? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??, ?? ???, ??? ??, ?? ??????.[37]
??
[??]?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??.
??????? ??
[??]?? ? ? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????. 2015? ????, ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ???? 3??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??.[38] ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???.[39] ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ? ???[40] ?? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?? ? 60? ??? ?? ??. ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???, "??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ??? ????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ? ? ?? ???.[41]
???? ????, ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ? ?? ???? ??. 2012? ????, ?????? ?? GDP? 20.8%? ???? ?? ??, ??? ????? GDP? ? 4%? ????.[42] ??? ??? ??? ??? 2016?? ?????? 800%? ???? GDP? 19% ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? (2012?~??)? ?? ??. ???? ?? ??? 3? ??? ?? 2018? ??? ??.[43]
??? ??
[??]2021?, ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? 28.1??? ?? ??, ?? ??, ?? ??, ??, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? 176?? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? "?? ??"?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? 32?? ? 31?? ????.[44]
2021? 2?, ??? ?? ??, ??, ?? ???? ?? ???? 124?? ??? ?????[45] ?? ??? ??? ??? ????.[46]
?? ? ??
[??]2009? ????, ??? ?? 470? 8?? ??? ?? 503? 4?? ??, ?? ?? 34.6%, ?? ??? 5? 1? 3?? ??, ?? ? ? ???? 46? 4? 7?? ????.[24] ?? ??? GDP? ? 67????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? 35?????. ???? ????, ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?? ??.[47]
?? ?? ????? 50?????. ??? ?? ??? 30%(?? ??? ?? 35%)?. ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????. ?? ????? ?????(GDP)? 24.4%?.[47]
?? ??
[??]??
[??]- ↑ “World Bank Country and Lending Groups”. 《datahelpdesk.worldbank.org》. ????. 2019? 9? 29?? ???.
- ↑ “GDP (current US$) - Cuba”. 《data.worldbank.org》. ????. 2020? 1? 18?? ???.
- ↑ “The World Factbook”. 《CIA.gov》. Central Intelligence Agency. 2019? 11? 28?? ???.
- ↑ Baer, James A. (2019? 4? 11?). “Cuban Constitution of 2019”. Council on Hemispheric Affairs. 2019? 12? 27?? ???.
- ↑ Marc Frank (2019? 2? 21?). “Explainer: What is old and new in Cuba's proposed constitution”. 《Reuters》. 2019? 12? 27?? ???.
- ↑ Frank, Marc (2019? 10? 31?). “Cuba reports record $2 billion in foreign investment deals”. 《Reuters》. 2019? 12? 27?? ???.
- ↑ Yisel Martínez García (2019? 11? 12?). “Foreign investment in Cuba: Obstacles cleared, incentives in place”. 《Granma》.
- ↑ Social Policy at the Crossroads ??? 2025-08-06 - ??? ?? Oxfam America Report
- ↑ 《Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene》 (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2020? 12? 15?. 343–346?. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. 2020? 12? 15?? ???.
- ↑ “Cuba Economic Freedom Score” (PDF). Heritage. 2022? 10? 9?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2014? 5? 1?? ???.
- ↑ Upside Down World. “Talking with Cubans about the State of the Nation (3/5/04)”. 《Upsidedownworld.org》. 2015? 6? 11?? ???.
- ↑ Eckstein, Susan (July 1986). “The Impact of the Cuban Revolution: A Comparative Perspective”. 《Comparative Studies in Society and History》 28 (3): 502–534. doi:10.1017/S0010417500014031. ISSN 0010-4175. JSTOR 178861.
- ↑ “Pre-Castro Cuba”. 《American Comandante》. PBS. 2015? 11? 17?. 2021? 7? 20?? ???.
- ↑ Brundenius, Claes (March 2009). “Revolutionary Cuba at 50: Growth with Equity Revisited”. 《Latin American Perspectives》 36 (2): 31–48. doi:10.1177/0094582X09331968. ISSN 0094-582X. JSTOR 27648178. S2CID 153350256.
- ↑ LeoGrande, William M. (Winter 2015). “A Policy Long Past Its Expiration Date: US Economic Sanctions Against Cuba”. 《Social Research》 82 (4): 939–966. ISSN 0037-783X. JSTOR 44282148.
- ↑ Mesa-Logo, Carmelo. How to break with Cuba's economic dependence. New York Times. March 10, 2019.
- ↑ GDP (current US$) - Cuba. World Bank national accounts data. Accessed October 11, 2019.
- ↑ The Economic Impact of U.S. Sanctions With Respect to Cuba. United States International Trade Commission, Publication 3398. Washington D.C., February 2001. Citing ECLAC, La Economia Cubana, p. 217; IMF, Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook, various editions; and EIU, Cuba, Annual Supplement, 1980, p.22.
- ↑ [Brundenius, Claes (2009) Revolutionary Cuba at 50: Growth with Equity revisited. Latin American Perspectives Vol. 36 No. 2, March 2009, pp. 31-48.]
- ↑ Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. How to break with Cuba's economic dependence. New York Times. March 10, 2019.
- ↑ Ritter, Archibald R.M. (9 May 2004). The Cuban Economy. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 62. ISBN 978-0-8229-7079-8. "Cuban workers are able to survive despite their low wages because they receive free health care and education from the government, and they pay no more than 10 percent of their income for housing."
- ↑ "La Revolucion Energetica: Cuba's Energy Revolution" ??? 2025-08-06 - ??? ??, Renewable Energy World International Magazine, 9 April 2009.
- ↑ “2nd Cuban offshore oil well also a bust”. 《The Guardian》 (Havana). AP Foreign. 2012? 8? 6?. 2012? 8? 6?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? “The World Factbook”. 《Cia.gov》. 2015? 6? 11?? ???.
- ↑ “WFP Cuba page”. 《Wfp.org》.
- ↑ ? ? “Cuban leader looks to boost food production”. 《Cnn.com》. 2008? 4? 17?.
- ↑ “Cuba: Economy”. 《globaledge.msu.edu》 (?? ??). 2021? 5? 13?? ???.
- ↑ “Truly revolutionary”. 《The Economist》. 2003? 11? 29?.
- ↑ “Ecuadorians benefit from Cuban drug Heberprot-p”. Radio Havana Cuba. 2012? 8? 12?. 2013? 5? 31?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 9? 8?? ???.
- ↑ “"Cuba's Cancer Revolution" from The Documentary Podcast by BBC on Apple Podcasts”. 《Apple Podcasts》. 2018? 8? 23?? ???.
- ↑ Inc, IBP (2016? 4? 18?). 《Cuba Business and Investment Opportunities Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic, Practical Information and Opportunities》 (??). Lulu.com. ISBN 9781438776552.[?? ?? ??]
- ↑ Gorry, C (2007). “Dr vicente vérez bencomo, director, center for the study of synthetic antigens, university of havana.”. 《MEDICC Rev》 9 (1): 14–15. PMID 21487355.
- ↑ “Tourism, travel, and recreation – Cuba”. 《Mationsencyclopedia.com》. 2015? 6? 11?? ???.
- ↑ BBC 2012 SimonReeve - ???
- ↑ Tourism in Cuba during the Special Period ??? 2025-08-06 - ??? ??
- ↑ “Lessons From Cuba”. 2007? 11? 4?. 2003? 6? 28?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 1? 21?? ???. Travel Outward
- ↑ “Cuba”. 《Nationsencyclopedia.com》. 2015? 6? 11?? ???.
- ↑ Organization, World Health. (2015). 《World Health Statistics 2015.》. World Health Organization. ISBN 9789240694439. OCLC 911246910.
- ↑ Tamayo, Juan O. “How will the Venezuela-Cuba link fare after Chávez's death?”. 《miamiherald》. 2016? 3? 6?? ???.
- ↑ Jeremy Morgan. “Venezuela's Chávez Fills $9.4 Billion Yearly Post-Soviet Gap in Cuba's Accounts”. Latin American Herald Tribune. 2016? 3? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 3? 6?? ???.
- ↑ “As Hugo Chavez fights for his life, Cuba fears for its future”. 《Telegraph.co.uk》. 2016? 3? 6?? ???.
- ↑ Piccone,Ted and Harold Trinkunas "The Cuba-Venezuela Alliance: The Beginning of the End?" Latin America Initiative on Foreign Policy at Brookings (2014): 1-12..
- ↑ Frank, Marc. "Cuba warns of further belt tightening as Venezuelan crisis deepens." Reuters. N.p., 28 Apr. 2017. Web.
- ↑ “Cuba 2021”. 《Index of Economic Freedom》. The Heritage Foundation. 2021? 7? 13?? ???.
- ↑ “Cuba opens up its economy to private businesses”. BBC. 2021? 2? 7?. 2021? 6? 8?? ???.
- ↑ “Cuba to reform economy, allow more private enterprise”. Daily Friend. 2021? 2? 8?. 2021? 6? 8?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? “Cuba 2014”. 《Index of Economic Freedom》. The Heritage Foundation. 2014? 11? 24?? ???.
?? ??
[??]
- Cuba's Economic Struggles from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
- The Road not taken: Pre-Revolutionary Cuban Living Standards in Comparative Perspective, Marianne Ward (Loyola College) and John Devereux (Queens College CUNY)
- ARCHIBOLD, RANDAL. Inequality Becomes More Visible in Cuba as the Economy Shifts (February 2015), The New York Times
- Cave, Danien. Raúl Castro Thanks U.S., but Reaffirms Communist Rule in Cuba (December 2014), The New York Times. "Mr. Castro prioritized economics. He acknowledged that Cuban state workers needed better salaries and said Cuba would accelerate economic changes in the coming year, including an end to its dual-currency system. But he said the changes needed to be gradual to create a system of "prosperous and sustainable communism."
- Centro de Estudios de la Economía Cubana